Introduction
Today, there are several options for drives from different
manufacturers, differing in the way information is stored, internal
characteristics, and the memory available for storing data. Hard disk drives ("HDDs")
are the most common drives found in most personal computers.
They have the largest storage capacities on the market at a
relatively low cost, which differentiates them from other types of devices that
are also used by users for specific tasks. For example, "USB drives"
are very convenient to use to transfer information between devices due to their
large internal volume and simple connection method, ("USB" connectors
are present in all modern personal computers).
In view of the importance of information stored in storage
devices, the question arises of its security and protection against accidental
loss. Often, users can accidentally or inadvertently delete individual files
containing important data, or mistakenly format a partition or an entire disk,
losing all the data on it.
Later in our article, we will try to consider the principle
of storing information on a storage device and present effective ways to recover data which is lost after
formatting or deletion.
The principle of organizing the recording and reading of
information on a hard disk.
To understand how users can recover various types of files
after deleting or formatting them, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with
the principle of storing information on a hard drive. In view of the great
popularity of the use of the hard disk "HDD" for data storage, we
will focus on it.
A hard disk is a certain type of hard disk drive, the
information storage method in which it is implemented on the principle of
magnetic recording. All the information in the memory device is recorded on
hard plates covered with a special layer of ferromagnetic material (magnetic
disks), located several pieces on a vertical axis. The read heads move along
the surface of the plates and perform the procedure of reading / writing
information on the device.
The surface of the hard disk platters has a strictly structured
special design, according to which information is recorded and then stored on
the disk. The markup is divided into separate elements, the minimum of which is
the sector, where the information is saved directly. These parameters for the
layout of the hard disk platters are set at the factory and this process is
called "low-level formatting." It is done once with special
equipment, which physically marks the surface of the boards in sectors,
establishes separate servo labels, and additionally prescribes service
information that allows the hard drive to function smoothly. We'll take a
closer look at the formatting process in the next section.
The file system is responsible for organizing and
cataloging all the information on the hard disk, as well as for quickly
searching for any data at the request of users or installed applications, which
in the "Windows" family of operating systems is represented mainly in
the form of systems "FAT" and "NTFS".
According to its own internal configuration and specified
parameters, the file system can have a minimum element responsible for storing
data equal to the size of the sector, or combine several sectors into a single
cluster. Also, when information is recorded, the system determines how many
groups are required to write the file, performs fragmentation (splitting into
separate parts), and writes the file to disk. In this case, a label is created
for the file, which stores all the information about the file, its location,
the number of clusters, etc. When the user accesses the file, the system, based
on the created tag, looks for it and gives the user an already assembled file.
Groups that store separate parts of the entire file can be placed directly next
to each other or spread across the entire plate surface. And the more the file
is dismembered, the longer it will take to build. Although, in modern
computers, such a difference in elapsed time is practically not noticeable.
Recover files after formatting or deleting
There are several ways to recover files after deleting or
formatting a logical volume (or an entire hard drive). The unifying factor for
both cases is the fact that file recovery is possible and the probability of
successfully returning the files you are looking for is very high. The
difference is that when you delete one or more files, the chances of them being
fully recovered are higher than after formatting. This is mainly due to the
fact that after formatting all areas of your hard drive are considered free and
available for writing, and can be overwritten with new data when using the hard
drive. And the probability of overwriting them is much higher than with a
single delete.
Therefore, it is necessary to limit the use of a formatted
disk if the user is interested in recovering deleted information. Don't perform
high-cost actions, don't save new files, don't download massive data, etc. to
reduce the risk of data overwriting.
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